http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14090 Search the Channel search http://archive.nyu.edu/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14508 Title: WORKFLOW AND ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT: AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON OF ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVES<br/><br/>Sasso, William C.<br/><br/>Abstract: Many processes, techniques, tools, methodologies, and approaches claimto facilitate the process of information systems development, but littleempirical validation in support of these claims has been publiclyreported. This research addresses this shortcoming in two ways. First,it develops and applies a promising experimental design for thecomparison of systems analysis techniques. The design's objective was toexternal validity of experimental findings while maintaining highdegrees of control and comparability. Secondly, our design, the&quot;transcript experiment,&quot; was used to evaluate two versions ofan analysis procedure. This paper both presents and evaluates thetranscript experiment as a research design and reports the results of anactual experiment. The study we report investigated the impact of aparticular factor in the systems analysis process, which we termanalysis perspective. After elaborating a (partial) theory of systemsanalysis enabling us to predict the impact of different analysisperspectives on (1) the analysis process, (2) the content of reports itproduces, and (3) the utility of the analysts&acirc;€™ recommendations,we compared the influences of two particular perspectives, the workflowperspective and the organizational unit perspective. We observedsignificant differences in subject behavior in acquiring informationduring the analysis process, but the data were inconclusive with respectto our predictions concerning the content of reports and the utility ofsubjects&acirc;€™ recommendations. Finally, we noted a strong negativecorrelation between the number of recommendations produced by a subjectand the degree to which he documented the current system. We term thiscorrelation the descriptive/prescriptive tradeoff, and feel it deservesfurther study, as it may invalidate a number of widely-held assumptionsconcerning the systems design process. Thu, 29 May 1986 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14279 Title: Viscous Demand<br/><br/>Radner, Roy<br/><br/>Abstract: In many markets, demand adjusts slowly to changes in prices, i.e.,demand is &quot;viscous.&quot; For such a market, the time path of afirm's prices acquires added significance, compared with the case ofinstantaneous demand response. In this paper I explore some problems instrategic dynamic pricing of a service, in the presence of viscousdemand, for simple models of a monopoly and a duopoly. Thu, 29 Jul 1999 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14162 Title: VIRTUAL ORGANIZATIONS: WHAT YOU SEE MAY NOT BE WHAT YOU GET<br/><br/>Garud, Raghu; Lucas, Henry C.<br/><br/>Abstract: Virtual organizations are new organizational forms comprising a set ofnetwork transactions that differ from those found in markets andhierarchies. This paper explores the nature of these networktransactions through an in-depth study of a virtual firm. The virtualorganization is characterized by constant organizing through virtualteams and alliances, a unique management culture and a set of norms,information and knowledge sharing enabled by information technology, andemployee self-governance. The organization gains from a culture offast-response and efficiency while employees are trusted to exercisediscretion and take initiatives. Wed, 26 Feb 1997 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14128 Title: Viral Marketing: Identifying Likely Adopters Via Consumer Networks<br/><br/>Hill, Shawndra; Provost, Foster; Volinsky, Chris<br/><br/>Abstract: We investigate the hypothesis: those consumers who have communicatedwith a customer of a particular service have increased likelihood ofadopting the service. We survey the diverse literature on such&quot;viral marketing,&quot; providing a categorization of the specificresearch questions asked, the data analyzed, and the statistical methodsused. We highlight a striking gap in the literature: no prior study hashad both of the two key types of data necessary to provide directsupport for the hypothesis: data on communications between consumers,and data on product adoption. We suggest a type of service for whichboth types of data are available telecommunications services. Then, fora particular telecommunication service, we show support for thehypothesis. Specifically, we show three main results. 1) there is such a&quot;viral&quot; effect and it is statistically significant, resultingin take rates 3-5 times greater than a baseline group; 2) attributesconstructed from the consumer network can improve models for ranking oftargeted customers by likelihood of adoption, and 3) observing thenetwork allows the firm to target new customers that would have fallenthrough the cracks, because they would not have been identified basedsolely on the traditional set of attributes used for marketing by thefirm. We close with a discussion of challenges and opportunities forresearch in this area. For example, can one determine whether the reasonfor the viral effect is customer advocacy (e.g., via &quot;word ofmouth&quot;) versus network-identified homophily? Fri, 29 Oct 2004 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14167 Title: Variance-based Active Learning<br/><br/>Saar-Tsechansky, Maytal; Provost, Foster<br/><br/>Abstract: For many supervised learning tasks, the cost of acquiring training datais dominated by the cost of class labeling. In this work, we exploreactive learning for class probability estimation (CPE). Active learningacquires data incrementally, using the model learned so far to helpidentify especially useful additional data for labeling. We present anew method for active learning, BootstrapLV, which chooses new databased on the variance in probability estimates from bootstrap samples.We then show empirically that the method reduces the number of dataitems that must be labeled, across a wide variety of data sets. We alsocompare Bootstrap-LV with Uncertainty Sampling, an existingactive-learning method for maximizing classification accuracy, and shownot only that BootstrapLV dominates for CPE but also that it is quitecompetitive even for accuracy maximization. Fri, 29 Oct 1999 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14366 Title: VALUATION LINKS: FORMALLY EXTENDING THE COMPUTATIONAL POWER OF HYPERTEXT<br/><br/>Bieber, Michael; Isakowitz, Tomas<br/><br/>Abstract: We view hypertext as an inherently dynamic concept to incorporate in theinterface of dynamic information systems. What challenges does hypertextface in a constantly changing environment? In this paper, we discuss thebenefits and the problems we face in our research intohypertext-oriented decision support systems. Then we focus on a newhypertext construct beneficial to this domain: valuation links.Valuation links support the dynamic spreading of computation via a welldefined link traversal operation. We present two classes of such links:static and dynamic, and specify an algorithm for their traversal. Wealso show how these constructs can be used in sophisticated DSS environments. Wed, 29 May 1991 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14386 Title: VALIDATING REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS STATED IN KNOWLEDGEREPRESENTATION LANGUAGE TEMPLAR<br/><br/>Tuzhilin, Alex<br/><br/>Abstract: Techniques for analysis and validation of software requirementsspecifications written in the knowledge representation language Templarare presented. Templar specifications are analyzed in terms ofambiguity, non-minimality, contradiction, incompleteness, andredundancy. Since Templar is a powerful knowledge representationlanguage supporting a rich set of modeling primitives, it is difficultto reason directly on Templar specifications. To solve this problem,Templar specifications are mapped into equivalent temporal logicprograms which are analyzed in terms the criteria listed above. However,it is hard to reason about Templar specifications because some of thecriteria cannot be formally proven, and the verification of othercriteria constitute undecidable or intractable problems. To overcomethese difficulties, we consider a set of tractable conditions for eachcriteria, which serve as &quot;alarms&quot; for the user. If a conditionis violated then it means that the specification either definitely hasor potentially can have a problem. Furthermore, the user is notifiedabout the source and the nature of the problem in certain cases. Sat, 28 Sep 1991 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14310 Title: Using the Brain as a Metaphor to Model Flexible Production Systems<br/><br/>Garud, Raghu; Kotha, Suresh<br/><br/>Abstract: Manufacturing flexibility is critical for survival in industriescharacterized by rapid change and diverse product markets. Although newmanufacturing technologies make it possible to accomplish flexibility,their potential remains unrealized by firms whose organizationalelements do not possess adaptive capabilities. We use the brain as ametaphor to generate insights on how firms might design flexibleproduction systems. We chose the brain as a metaphor because it is aself-organizing system capable of responding rapidly to a broad range ofexternal stimuli. The brain as a metaphor suggests that flexibility canbe enhanced by employing practices that promote distributed processesoccurring in parallel manner. Such practices lie in contrast to thoseemployed by production systems built on scientific management principlesthat promote localized processes in a sequential manner. By exploringthese contrasting modes of operation, we argue that the brain as ametaphor opens up new avenues for theory development related to thedesign of flexible production systems. Fri, 28 Nov 1997 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14601 Title: USING RESTRICTED NATURAL LANGUAGE FOR DATA RETRIEVAL: A PLAN FOR FIELD EVALUATION<br/><br/>Turner, Jon A.; Jarke, Matthias; Stohr, Edward A.; Vassiliou, Yannis; White, Norman<br/><br/>Abstract: One strategy that has been proposed for dealing with the growing backlogfor development of applications is to give casual users languages forinteracting directly with databases. Yet, there is little agreement onthe form such languages should take. Should they be natural-like,conforming closely to a user's native tongue or should they bestructured to take advantage of the characteristics of formal languages?This paper presents the rationale for and design of a field evaluationof natural language for data retrieval. The natural language system andapplication are described along with the research design of the project.The results of the first part of the study, a laboratory experiment toinvestigate whether users perform better with an artificial or naturallanguage, suggest that after equal amounts of training no difference insubject performance is found between languages using a paper and penciltest . The insights gained to date are summarized. Wed, 28 Apr 1982 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14275 Title: USING QUERY-DRIVEN SIMULATIONS FOR QUERYING OUTCOMES OF BUSINESS PROCESSES<br/><br/>Balasubramanian, P.; Tuzhilin, Alexander<br/><br/>Abstract: When decision makers want to know outcomes of business processes intheir organizations, they often use simulations to do this. This paperdescribes how a new Query-Driven Simulation (QDS) approach can be usedby decision makers to obtain information about future outcomes ofbusiness processes in a more declarative, flexible, and interactive waythan the traditional approach of running simulations and then gatheringstatistics about simulation outcomes. The paper also describes the typesof questions decision makers ask about outcomes of business processesand studies how easy it is to express these questions in terms of anSQL-like query language SimQL designed for Query-Driven Simulations. Italso identifies the types of applications that are especiallywell-suited for QDS. Finally, the paper describes the Query-DrivenSimulation Modeling Lifecycle and how QDS provides a feedback loop inthe model development process. Thu, 29 Oct 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14611 Title: USING DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN STATISTICAL DATA PROCESSING<br/><br/>Veim, Joan C.<br/><br/>Abstract: National and international statistical bureaus produce ca. 25,000 tablesfor publication each year, based on hundreds of inter-relatedobject-types with thousands of attributes. It would appear that thisenvironment should be well suited to the application of data basemanagement techniques for the administration of the data. This paperpresents a data oriented model of the statistical production processwhich is used as a basis for a review of the state of experience withinstatistical offices with commercially available data base managementsystems. We conclude with a presentation of some important datamanagement facilities which must be enhanced or developed in order tosupport statistical production processing. Wed, 29 Oct 1980 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14505 Title: USING AN INTELLIGENT DSS FOR CIS IDEA IDENTIFICATION: A SYMBIOTIC APPROACH<br/><br/>Krcmar, Helmut; Asthana, Ajay<br/><br/>Abstract: Competitive Information Systems (CIS) are information systems which helpa company to obtain and sustain a competitive edge. Before any such CIScan be implemented, the idea for it has to be formulated. The paperdescribes a way to systematically stimulate ideas by asking questions.It discusses the question generating mechanism as well as ways tofocuses these questions. It shows an implemented DSS, which aids thedescribed process and contains inference mechanisms of expert systems.This DSS uses a symbiotic approach between system and user. Sat, 28 Jun 1986 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14453 Title: USER MISCONCEPTIONS OF INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS<br/><br/>Chen, Hsinchun; Dhar, Vasant<br/><br/>Abstract: In this paper, we report results of an investigation where thirtysubjects were observed performing subject-based search in an onlinecatalog system. The observations have revealed a range of misconceptionsusers have when performing subject-based search. We have developed ataxonomy that characterizes these misconceptions and hypotheses aboutthe causes of the misconceptions. Directions for improving searchperformance are also suggested. Sat, 27 Feb 1988 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14617 Title: USER INVOLVEMENT IN SYSTEM DESIGN: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES<br/><br/>Olson, Margrethe; Ives, Blake<br/><br/>Abstract: 'User involvement' in the development of information systems is oftenassumed to be key to successful implementation. However, few empiricalstudies have clearly demonstrated a relationship between userinvolvement and two key indicators of system success: system usage anduser information satisfaction. The authors test the general hypothesisthat user involvement is a more complex concept than previous researchwould indicate; there are different types of involvement and differentstages in the system development life cycle in which users may becomeinvolved. In a study of 83 users and 23 information systems managers in23 companies, they found that only the activity of user sign-offs onproject phases had a significant correlation with both user informationsatisfaction and satisfaction with the information systems group. Theauthors conclude that there is a complex relationship between the typeand degree of user involvement and other organizational and individualfactors; this relationship affects both user satisfaction with and usageof the resulting systems. Some suggestions for further research takingthis complexity into account are given. Wed, 29 Oct 1980 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14612 Title: USER INVOLVEMENT IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THEEMPIRICAL LITERATURE<br/><br/>Ives, Blake; Olson, Margrethe H.<br/><br/>Abstract: Considerable prescriptive literature exists which advocates userinvolvement in the development of information systems and suggestsalternative mechanisms by which such involvement can be increased.However, formal empirical studies investigating user involvement are fewin number, fragmented, and generally methodologically flawed.Furthermore, they do not provide the strong support for user involvementthat the prescriptive literature would lead one to expect. This papercritically examines past studies of user involvement, focusing onmethodological and measurement issues. The relationships between userinvolvement and system quality, system usage, information satisfaction,and user attitudes are considered. Suggestions for future research are discussed. Wed, 29 Oct 1980 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14605 Title: USER INTERFACES FOR DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW<br/><br/>Stohr, Edward A.; White, Norman H. Mon, 29 Aug 1983 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14556 Title: USER INFORMATION SATISFACTION: THREE MEASURES<br/><br/>Ives, Blake; Olson, Margrethe H.; Baroudi, Jack J. Sat, 29 Oct 1983 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14188 Title: Unlearning Ineffective or Obsolete Technologies<br/><br/>Starbuck, William H.<br/><br/>Abstract: Often, before they can learn something new, people have to unlearn whatthey think they already know. That is, they may have to discover thatthey should no longer rely on their current beliefs and methods. Thispaper describes eight viewpoints that can help people to do this. Sun, 29 Oct 1995 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14168 Title: Unexpectedness as a Measure of Interestingness in Knowledge Discovery<br/><br/>Padmanabhan, Balaji; Tuzhilin, Alexander<br/><br/>Abstract: Organizations are taking advantage of &quot;data-mining&quot; techniquesto leverage the vast amounts of data captured as they process routinetransactions. Data-mining is the process of discovering hidden structureor patterns in data. However several of the pattern discovery methods indatamining systems have the drawbacks that they discover too manyobvious or irrelevant patterns and that they do not leverage to a fullextent valuable prior domain knowledge that managers have. This researchaddresses these drawbacks by developing ways to generate interestingpatterns by incorporating managers' prior knowledge in the process ofsearching for patterns in data. Specifically we focus on providingmethods that generate unexpected patterns with respect to managerialintuition by eliciting managers' beliefs about the domain and usingthese beliefs to seed the search for unexpected patterns in data. Ourapproach should lead to the development of decision support systems thatprovide managers with more relevant patterns from data and aid ineffective decision making. Tue, 29 Oct 1996 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14524 Title: UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTS OF SYSTEM DESIGN<br/><br/>Turner, Jon A. Wed, 29 Oct 1986 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14289 Title: Uncovering Hidden Structure in Bond Futures Trading<br/><br/>Chen, Fei; Figlewski, Stephen; Heisler, Jeffrey; Weigend, Andreas S.<br/><br/>Abstract: This study uncovers trading styles in the transaction records of USTreasury bond futures. It uses transaction-by-transaction data from theCommodity Futures Trading Commissions' (CFTC) Computerized TradeReconstruction (CTR) records. The data set consists of 30 milliontransaction - the complete US T-bond futures market for 3 years. Eachtransaction record consists of time (by the minute), price, volume,buy/sell, and an identifier of the specific account. We use statisticalclustering techniques to group together trades that are similar. Twosets of assumptions have to be made: (1) What is a trade? We define atrade to begin when an account opens a position, and to end when itsposition size returns to zero. We describe each trade by severaltrade-specific variables (e.g., length of trade, maximum position size,opening move, long or short) and several exogenous, market-specificvariables (e.g., price, volatility, trading volume). (2) What processgenerated the data? We assume a mixture of Gaussians. An observed tradeis interpreted as a noisy realization of one of the mixture components.This paper assumes identity covariance matrices. Furthermore, each tradeis fully assigned to a single cluster. We compare this approach todiagonal and to full covariance structure with probabilisticassignments. Trade profit was held back in the clustering process. Itturns out that the clusters differ significantly in their profit andrisk characteristics. Using conditional distributions, we summarizefeatures of profitable trading styles and contrast them with losingstrategies. We find that profitable styles tend to hold trades longer,trade at higher volatility, and trade earlier in the contracts. We alsoshow how some clusters uncover &quot;technical&quot; traders. Using theinformation about the individual accounts, the assignments of accountsto clusters are described by entropy, and the transitions of a givenaccount through clusters is modeled by a first order Markov model. Mon, 29 Dec 1997 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14299 Title: U.S. Telecommunications Today<br/><br/>Economides, Nicholas<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper reviews the current conditions in the U.S. telecommunicationsindustry. It first examines the impact of technological and regulatorychange on market structure and business strategy, and then the impact onpricing of digitization and the emergence of internet telephony. Thenthe paper considers the effects of the 1996 Telecommunications Act onmarket structure and strategy in conjunction with the history ofregulation and antitrust intervention in the telecommunications sector.After discussing the impact of wireless technologies, the paperconcludes with some short-term predictions, as well as concern about thederailment of the implementation of the 1996 Act by aggressive legaltactics of entrenched monopolists (the local exchange carriers), and thereal danger that the intent of Congress in passing the 1996 Act topromote competition in telecommunications will not be realized. Thu, 26 Feb 1998 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14335 Title: TURMOIL, TRANSPARENCY, AND TEA: EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF IT ON LONDON'SSTOCK EXCHANGE<br/><br/>Clemons, Eric K.; Weber, Bruce W.<br/><br/>Abstract: Evaluating strategic investments in information technology can bedifficult. Uncertainties exist in customer responses, competitorreactions, and thus in the actual economic benefits to be realized.Valuing interorganizational information systems (IOS) is far morecomplex, since the valuation is complicated by issues of bargainingpower, and distribution of IOS benefits. Although an IOS may create anet benefit or economic surplus, valuation by the innovatorcontemplating the investment must also consider who retains thesebenefits. The distribution is in part determined by the technology'scapabilities, but principally by the power and resource endowments ofthe different IOS participants. Screen-based securities marketsrepresent IOSs that serve many stakeholders including investors,securities firms, and listed companies, as well as the securitiesexchange or vendor providing the system. The London Stock Exchange's(LSE) &Acirc;&pound;25 million investment in trading technology at thetime of its 1986 Big Bang deregulation did not benefit all IOSparticipants equally. Although the screen-based market producedsignificant benefits for the Exchange, and for investors, whosetransactions costs were reduced, any gains retained by the LSE's memberfirms, who ultimately paid for the investment, are difficult todemonstrate. The damage done to those parties that paid fortechnological improvements at the LSE has led to dysfunctional behaviorby the member firms, and to some deterioration in the quality of themarket. The evidence indicates that an uneven distribution of benefitscan potentially subvert the efficient functioning of an important IOS. Mon, 11 May 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14209 Title: TRENDS IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE SECURITY: A MANAGERIAL BRIEF AND TEACHING NOTE<br/><br/>Kambil, Ajit<br/><br/>Abstract: The Internet and similar networks provide new infrastructures forcommunications and commerce. These open networks interconnect computersacross many different organizations with dramatically lowercommunications and distributed applications development costs. Thismotivates businesses to transfer commercial activity from closed privatenetworks to open networks like the Internet. However, open networkarchitectures are vulnerable to a number of different security threats.While many different hardware and software solutions exist to securetransactions over the Internet, greater consensus is required bycompanies and consumers on the processes, organizations and applicationof existing technical solutions for secure electronic commerce. Greaterconsensus on security among trading parties will lower the costs ofelectronic commerce and accelerate its deployment on the Internet. Tue, 30 Apr 1996 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14161 Title: Tree Induction vs. Logistic Regression: A Learning-Curve Analysis<br/><br/>Perlich, Claudia; Provost, Foster; Simonoff, Jeffrey S.<br/><br/>Abstract: Tree induction and logistic regression are two standard, off-the-shelfmethods for building models for classification. We present a large-scaleexperimental comparison of logistic regression and tree induction,assessing classification accuracy and the quality of rankings based onclass-membership probabilities. We use a learning-curve analysis toexamine the relationship of these measures to the size of the trainingset. The results of the study show several remarkable things. (I)Contrary to prior observations, logistic regression does not generallyoutperform tree induction. (2) More specifically, and not surprisingly,logistic regression is better for smaller training sets and treeinduction for larger data sets. Importantly, this often holds fortraining sets drawn from the same domain (i.e., the learning curvescross), so conclusions about induction-algorithm superiority on a givendomain must be based on an analysis of the learning curves. (3) Contraryto conventional wisdom, tree induction is effective at producingprobability-based rankings, although apparently comparatively less sofor a given training--set size than at making classifications. Finally,(4) the domains on which tree induction and logistic regression areultimately preferable can be characterized surprisingly well by a simplemeasure of signal-to-noise ratio. Mon, 10 Dec 2001 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14251 Title: TRANSPARENCY AND BYPASS IN ELECTRONIC FINANCIAL MARKETS<br/><br/>Weber, Bruce W.<br/><br/>Abstract: Electronic markets use information technology to disseminate informationon prices, quantities, and buyer and supplier identities. In spite ofthe recognized benefits of electronic markets, increased visibility andtransparency may introduce imperfections, and create profitableopportunities to bypass markets that generates the information. In theU.S. securities markets, dissemination of market data has equippedseveral firms to develop competing, off-exchange trading mechanisms thatrely on market price data, but whose transactions bypass the establishedmarket. Concern is rising that the growing volume of trading occurringaway from the main market may reduce liquidity, and increasetransactions costs. A simulation model of securities trading in acontinuous auction market (similar to the market structure of the NewYork Stock Exchange) is used to examine the market quality effects ofincreasing levels of trading activity through an off-exchange dealer.Market characteristics, such as transactions costs, are measured asoff-exchange trading increases from zero percent to 20 percent of thetotal trading volume. The results indicate that competition from analternative trading venue reduces some trading costs borne by investors.Contrary to regulatory goals, however, off-market trading expands therole of profit-seeking dealers, and lowers the probability that someinvestors' orders will execute. Wed, 09 Jun 1993 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14283 Title: Trade-offs in Organizational Architecture: Information Systems,Incentives and Work Design<br/><br/>Seidmann, Abraham; Sundararajan, Arun Thu, 29 Jul 1999 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14234 Title: TRADE EXECUTION COSTS AND THE DISINTERMEDIATION OF TRADING IN ACOMPETING DEALER MARKET<br/><br/>Weber, Bruce W.<br/><br/>Abstract: The growth of alternative trading systems that compete with establishedstock markets will have profound effects on many securities exchangesand their member firms. New screen-based markets can match buy and sellorders, and confirm trades electronically to the participants. In manycases, investors' orders meet directly in the system without theinvolvement of a broker or a dealer, saving intermediation costs such asthe bid-ask spread and broker commission costs. Competing market makersoperating on the London Stock Exchange's SEAQ market system provide anintermediated, &quot;quote-driven&quot; trading mechanism. Nearly allequities trading in London today occurs through SEAQ, but theapproaching roll-out of several alternative trading systems will provideinvestors with new opportunities to trade without market makers. Asimulation model of order arrival, information change, and trading in acompeting dealer market based on the London Stock Exchange is used toexamine the consequences of disintermediated trading systems. Theresults indicate that trading by market makers at their discretion at&quot;midspread&quot; prices leads to a significant reduction in dealingmargins. In two other scenarios, the operation of an alternative,disintermediated order crossing mechanism, reduces market makers'trading volumes and lowers the level of intermediation at some savingsto investors. Alternative trading systems reduce transactions costsborne by some traders, but those requiring immediate execution anddealer intermediation may pay more. Fri, 01 Jul 1994 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14320 Title: TRACKING THE 'LIFE CYCLE TRAJECTORY': METRICS AND MEASURES FORCONTROLLING PRODUCTIVITY OF COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE) DEVELOPMENT<br/><br/>Banker, Rajiv D.; Kauffman, Robert J.; Kumar, Rachna<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper proposes a new vision for the measurement and management ofdevelopment productivity related to computer aided software engineering(CASE) technology. We propose that productivity be monitored andcontrolled in each phase of software development life cycle, ameasurement approach we have termed life cycle trajectory measurement.Recent advances in CASE technology that make low cost automatedmeasurement possible have made it feasible to collect life cycletrajectory measures. We suggest that current approaches for productivitymanagement involve the use of static metrics that are available only atthe beginning and end of the project. Yet the depth of the insightsneeded to make proactive adjustments in the software development processrequires monitoring the range of activities across the entire softwaredevelopment life cycle. This can only be accomplished with metrics thatcan measure performance parameters in each phase of the life cycle. Wedevelop metrics that have the ability to measure and estimate softwareoutputs from each intermediate phase of the development life cycle.These metrics are based on a count of the objects and modules that areused as building blocks for application development in repositoryobject-based CASE environments. The viability of such object-basedmetrics for life cycle trajectory measurement has been empiricallytested for the software construction phase using project data generatedin Integrated CASE development environments. Sun, 19 Jan 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14575 Title: TOWARDS AN ALGEBRA OF HISTORICAL RELATIONAL DATABASES<br/><br/>Clifford, James<br/><br/>Abstract: In search of the appropriate semantics for the inclusion of structuresand operations that will meet the needs of a wide class of usersinterested in a database system supporting temporal views of their data,the paper includes a discussion of many problems that must be addressed.Salient features of the author&acirc;€™s Historical Relational DatabaseModel (HRDBM) are presented, and some subtle nuances that time brings tothe development of an historical relational algebra are illustrated.Along the way, a number of observations and guidelines are presentedthat may help guide the search for an historically relationally completedatabase model and query languages. Wed, 28 Nov 1984 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14812 Title: Towards a Query Optimizer for Text-Centric Tasks<br/><br/>Ipeirotis, Panagiotis G.; Agichtein, Eugene; Jain, Pranay; Gravano, Luis<br/><br/>Abstract: Text is ubiquitous and, not surprisingly, many important applicationsrely on textual data for a variety of tasks. As a notable example,information extraction applications derive structured relations fromunstructured text; as another example, focused crawlers explore the webto locate pages about specific topics. Execution plans for text-centrictasks follow two general paradigms for processing a text database:either we can scan, or &quot;crawl,&quot; the text database or,alternatively, we can exploit search engine indexes and retrieve thedocuments of interest via carefully crafted queries constructed intask-specific ways. The choice between crawl- and query-based executionplans can have a substantial impact on both execution time and output&quot;completeness&quot; (e.g., in terms of recall). Nevertheless, thischoice is typically ad-hoc and based on heuristics or plain intuition.In this article, we present fundamental building blocks to make thechoice of execution plans for text-centric tasks in an informed,cost-based way. Towards this goal, we show how to analyze query- andcrawl-based plans in terms of both execution time and outputcompleteness. We adapt results from random-graph theory and statisticsto develop a rigorous cost model for the execution plans. Our cost modelreflects the fact that the performance of the plans depends onfundamental task-specific properties of the underlying text databases.We identify these properties and present efficient techniques forestimating the associated parameters of the cost model. We also presenttwo optimization approaches for text-centric tasks that rely on thecost-model parameters and select efficient execution plans. Overall, ouroptimization approaches help build efficient execution plans for a task,resulting in significant efficiency and output completeness benefits. Wecomplement our results with a large-scale experimental evaluation forthree important text-centric tasks and over multiple real-life data sets. Fri, 27 Oct 2006 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14260 Title: TOWARD A LOGICAL/PHYSICAL THEORY OF SPREADSHEET MODELING<br/><br/>Isakowitz, Tomas; Schocken, Shimon; Lucas, Henry C. , Jr.<br/><br/>Abstract: In spite of the increasing sophistication and power of commercialspreadsheet packages, we still lack a formal theory or a methodology tosupport the construction and maintenance of spreadsheet models. Using adual logical/physical perspective, we identify four principal componentsthat characterize any spreadsheet model: schema, data, editorial, andbinding. We present a factoring algorithm for identifying and extractingthese components from conventional spreadsheets with minimal userintervention, and a synthesis algorithm that assists users in theconstruction of executable spreadsheets from reusable model components.This approach opens new possibilities for applying object-oriented andmodel management techniques to support the construction, sharing, andreuse, of spreadsheet models in organizations. Importantly, our approachto model management and the Windows-based prototype that we havedeveloped are designed to coexist with, rather than replace, traditionalspreadsheet programs. In other words, the users are not required tolearn a new modeling language; instead, their logical models and datasets are extracted from their spreadsheets transparently, as aside-effect of using standard spreadsheet program. Tue, 27 Jul 1993 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14344 Title: TOWARD A LOGICAL/PHYSICAL THEORY OF SPEADSHEET MODELING<br/><br/>Isakowitz, Tomas; Schocken, Shimon; Lucas, Henry C. , Jr.<br/><br/>Abstract: In spite of the increasing sophistication and power of commercialspreadsheet packages, we still lack a formal theory of spreadsheets anda methodology that aids their construction and maintenance. Using a newfunctional relational language, this paper identifies four principalcomponents that characterize any spreadsheet model: Model, Data,Editorial, and Binding. We present a factoring algorithm for identifyingand extracting these components from conventional spreadsheetsautomatically, and a synthesis algorithm that assists users in theconstruction of executable spreadsheets from reusable components. Thisapproach opens new possibilities for applying object oriented and modelmanagement techniques to support the construction, sharing, and reuse,of spreadsheet models in organizations. Thu, 22 Oct 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14627 Title: TOP MANAGEMENT PROBLEM SOLVING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS<br/><br/>Lucas, Henry C., Jr.<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper presents the results of a exploratory study of problemsolving by top management in a sample of firms. The purpose of theresearch is to determine the nature of the information needed by topmanagement and the role of computer-based system in suppling it. Thepaper classifies problems according to their nature and explores theinformation sources used to solve the problems. It is clear thatcomputer-based information can aid in the solution of some of these topmanagement problems, but probably through unconventional systems. Theimplications of the study for systems design are discussed. Mon, 29 Oct 1979 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14313 Title: TOOLS FOR MANAGING REPOSITORY OBJECTS<br/><br/>Banker, Rajiv D.; Isakowitz, Tomas; Kauffman, Robert J.; Kumar, Rachna; Zweig, Dani Thu, 29 Oct 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14551 Title: TlB ORGANIZATION OF WORK WITH INTEGRATED OFFICE SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDYIN COMMERCIAL BANKING<br/><br/>Turner, Jon A. Tue, 29 Oct 1985 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14477 Title: THE WIRED SOCIETY: PROMISE AND PERFORMANCE<br/><br/>Laudon, Kenneth C. Mon, 28 Sep 1987 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14184 Title: The Two Headed Disk: Stochastic Dominance of the Greedy Policy<br/><br/>Seshadri, Sridhar; Rotem, Doron<br/><br/>Abstract: In his paper &quot;Should the two-headed disk be greedy? - Yes, itshould&quot; Hofri defined a &quot;greedy policy&quot; as follows.Assuming that the range of disk addresses is [0,1], a request atlocation x is served by the closest arm while the other arm jockeys to anew position, z, where z = (1/3)x or z = 2/3 +x/3 depending on whether xis larger or smaller than 1/2. Hofri proved that this policy minimizesthe expected seek distance for uniform request probabilities andconjectured that it stochastically dominates every other policy.Stochastic dominance is of practical importance in this context as itguarantees that a policy that optimizes expected seek distance alsoguarantees optimal seek time. The main result of this paper is a proofof Hofri's conjecture. The paper contains two proofs, the firstestablishes the conjecture, and the second shows that if the seekdistance is stochastically minimized under a repositioning policy, thenthe policy must be Hofri's greedy policy and the request distributionmust be uniform. Sat, 29 Oct 1994 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14295 Title: The Tragic Inefficiency of the M-ECPR<br/><br/>Economides, Nicholas<br/><br/>Abstract: We show that application of the so-called &quot;Market DeterminedEfficient Component Pricing Rule,&quot; the &quot;Efficient ComponentPricing Rule,&quot; and, in general, of pricing rules that are based onprivate opportunity costs would perpetuate pricing inefficiencies andresult in lower social surplus than pricing which is based on socialopportunity cost rather than private opportunity costs. Fri, 28 Nov 1997 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14515 Title: THE SCIENCE AND ART OF FORMULATING LINEAR PROGRAMS<br/><br/>Ma, Pai-chun; Murphy, Frederic H.; Stohr, Edward A.<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper describes the philosophy underlying the development of anintelligent system to assist in the formulation of large linearprograms. The LPFORM system allows users to state their problem using agraphical rather than an algebraic representation. A major objective ofthe system is to automate the bookkeeping involved in the development oflarge systems. It has expertise related to the structure of many of thecommon forms of linear programs (e.g. transportation, product-mix andblending problems) and of how these prototypes may be combined into morecomplex systems. Our approach involves characterizing the common formsof LP problems according to whether they are transformations in place,time or form. We show how LPFORM uses knowledge about the structure andmeaning of linear programs to construct a correct tableau. Using thesymbolic capabilities of artificial intelligence languages, we canmanipulate and analyze some properties of the LP prior to actuallygenerating a matrix. Fri, 29 May 1987 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14315 Title: THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ORGANIZATION DESIGN<br/><br/>Lucas, Henry C., Jr.; Baroudi, Jack<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper introduces a set of information technology variables whichcan be used in designing organizations. We first look at traditionaldesign variables and then present a series of options enabled by moderninformation technology. We use these IT design variables to describefour prototypical organizations which are beginning to appear in theworkplace: virtual, negotiated, traditional and vertically integrated.It is argued that an organization designer must also consider howstructure and technology influence job tasks and people in order to besuccessful. The paper discusses potential implementation difficulties,particularly in motivating traditional organizations to take advantageof IT design variables. The paper concludes that the design ofinformation technology and the design of organizations is largelybecoming the same task. Thu, 29 Oct 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14130 Title: The Relational Vector-space Model<br/><br/>Bernstein, Abraham; Clearwater, Scott; Provost, Foster<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper addresses the classification of linked entities. We introducea relational vector (VS) model (in analogy to the VS model used ininformation retrieval) that abstracts the linked structure, representingentities by vectors of weights. Given labeled data as backgroundknowledge training data, classification procedures can be defined forthis model, including a straightforward, &quot;direct&quot; model usingweighted adjacency vectors. Using a large set of tasks from the domainof company affiliation identification, we demonstrate that suchclassification procedures can be effective. We then examine the methodin more detail, showing that as expected the classification performancecorrelates with the- relational auto correlation of the data set. Wethen turn the tables and use the relational VS scores as a way toanalyze/visualize the relational autocorrelation present in a complexlinked structure. The main contribution of the paper 1s to introduce therelational VS model as a potentially useful addition to the toolkit forrelational data mining. It could provide useful constructed features fordomains with low to moderate relational autocorrelation; it may beeffective by itself for domains with high levels of relationalautocorrelation, and it provides a useful abstraction for analyzing theproperties of linked data. Tue, 31 Dec 2002 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14531 Title: THE PROCESS OF SYSTEMS DESIGN: SOME PROBLEMS, PRINCIPLES AND PERSPECTIVES<br/><br/>Turner, Jon A.<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper explores issues that are central to designing, andparticularly to the design of information systems. It portrays thecontext of design, the considerations that go into designing - how theseare in conflict, and how they are ultimately resolved - and the role ofcreativity in this process. A set of design principles is presented and discussed. Thu, 28 Nov 1985 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14628 Title: THE PRESIDENT AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT: AN EXPERIMENT IN THE CARTERWHITE HOUSE<br/><br/>Turner, Jon A.; Gosden, John A. Mon, 29 Oct 1979 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14510 Title: THE PRACTICE OF OFFICE ANALYSIS: OBJECTIVES, OBSTACLES, AND OPPORTUNITIES<br/><br/>Sasso, William C.; Reitman Olson, Judith; Merten, Alan C.<br/><br/>Abstract: Office analysis is a technique for supporting the first stage in modernsystems analysis and design, the invention phase. The process involvesfirst describing the activities that take place in a given office,focusing not on who is doing what with an object, but rather on the highlevel information processing activities that change or move the object'sinformation content. After having described the activities, officeanalysis prescribes modifications of the existing system, by identifyingboth potential reconfigurations of work and additional technologicalsupport. These prescriptions are based primarily on theory fromcognitive psychology about the strengths and weaknesses of humans asinformation processors (e.g., they are fast and powerful in creatinginformation, but slow and error prone in transporting information fromplace to place). This paper describes how office analysis works and whatmakes it hard to do, including the facts that office work is intangible,seems to lack focus, and often involves intermingled and parallelstreams of activity. There are, however, major advantages to successfulanalysis: requirements for new information systems are founded oncareful scrutiny of the work done in the office, assigning thoseactivities better done by computers to automation and those by people topeople. We argue that the application of office analysis techniques willmake more efficient use of an organization's resources, including humanresources, to accomplish its information processing activities. Wed, 29 Jan 1986 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14500 Title: THE NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF FINANCIAL VERSUS MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENTINFORMATION SYSTEMS<br/><br/>Ronen, Boaz; Palley, Michael A.<br/><br/>Abstract: Manufacturing management information systems are in a relatively lessmature state than financial information systems. This difference inmaturity is due in part, to historical reasons, and to the complex anddynamic nature of manufacturing system attributes. This researchcompares the various system attributes belonging to manufacturing andfinancial information systems. Application of inappropriate systemdesign techniques (based on these system attribute differences) hascontributed to the relatively high failure rate of manufacturingmanagement information systems. The research analyzes the need for thedevelopment of design tools geared specifically toward manufacturingmanagement information systems. Sat, 29 Mar 1986 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14594 Title: THE MEASUREMENT OF USER INFORMATION SATISFACTION<br/><br/>Ives, Blake; Olson, Margrethe H.; Baroudi, Jack Joseph<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper critically reviews measures of user information satisfactionand selects one for replication and extension. A survey of productionmanagers is used to provide additional support for the instrument,eliminate scales that are psychometrically unsound, and develop astandard short form for use when only an overall assessment ofinformation satisfaction is required and survey time is limited. Wed, 28 Sep 1983 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14530 Title: THE MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS OCCUPATIONS: A RESEARCH AGENDA<br/><br/>Turner, Jon A.; Baroudi, Jack J.<br/><br/>Abstract: It is accepted, generally, that Information Systems (IS) personnel havespecific needs and present a unique set of problems for management. Thisposition is challenged. It is our contention that IS personnel exhibitrelatively few differences when compared with other, similar,occupational groupings. This does not imply, however, that the uniqueaspects of IS work are unimportant, or that attention need not befocused on understanding the determinants of particular behavioraloutcomes. Rather, it suggests, that the effective management of the IShuman resource may well rest more on general management practices thanis commonly believed. This paper identifies managerial complaints aboutIS personnel and provides a summary of research findings. A model, basedon accepted principles of worker behavior, intended to integrate much ofthe previous work, is presented. The IS staff is classified intocategories and propositions about each are developed. Specific researchquestions are formulated which, when answered, will provide more insightinto the unique aspects of IS work and will identify managerialstrategies for improving employee performance and well being. Tue, 29 Oct 1985 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14363 Title: THE LIVING CASE: SEARCHING FOR A DEEPER STRUCTURE IN THE CASE ANALYSIS PROCESS<br/><br/>Kumar, Rachna; Turner, Jon A.<br/><br/>Abstract: One of the primary methods of instruction in business disciplines is thecase. However, in its current form of written presentation, some of thebasic learning goals associated with case instruction are compromised.We have used new forms of media involving computing and communication tobuild a novel learning environment, the Living Case, which flexibly andinteractively presents cases along with provide dynamic, on-goingfeedback to students analyzing a case. In our research we haveformalized the process of analyzing a case in order to recognize andinterpret student analysis behavior so that provide relevant assistancecan be provided. Case analysis is characterized as a problem solvingactivity driven by comprehension and reasoning operators. A search forthese operators led us to build an inventory of reading activities.Twelve hours of protocols are analyzed using &quot;retellingprofiles&quot; as an interpretation mechanism. Retelling profiles arevisual time plots of the activities undertaken in a reading task. Ourpreliminary results suggest a deeper structure to case analysis which iscommon across business disciplines, cases, and individuals. Differencesbetween the analysis strategies of experts and novices are alsoformalized. Finally, an expert's analogical reasoning strategy usingtask-specific knowledge encoded as &quot;templates&quot; is identifiedas a major contributor to their efficiency in solving cases. Templatesof typical company situations and responses are triggered early in theanalysis process, and subsequent data gathering and reasoning isdirected by an attempt to apply the template to the case situation. Tue, 26 Feb 1991 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14377 Title: THE LIVING CASE: AN INTELLIGENT SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING CASE INSTRUCTION<br/><br/>Turner, Jon A.; Kumar, Rachna<br/><br/>Abstract: One of the primary methods of instruction in business education is thecase. However, some of the basic learning goals associated with caseinstruction are compromised by its form of presentation. We have usednew forms of media, involving computing and communication, to build anovel learning environment, the Living Case, which flexibly andinteractively presents cases along with dynamic, on-going feedback tostudents while they work. Key to providing meaningful assistance daringcase analysis is the ability to model and interpret student behavior.Several investigations were conducted in order to understand the processof case analysis. Case analysis is characterized as a problem solvingactivity driven by comprehension and reasoning operators. Twelve hoursof protocols are analyzed using &quot;retelling profiles&quot; as aninterpretation mechanism for further specifying the operators involvedin analyzing a case. Retelling profiles are visual time plots of theactivities undertaken in a reading task. Our preliminary results suggesta deeper structure to case analysis which is common across businessdisciplines, cases, and analysts, and therefore implementable in asystem like Living Case. Differences between the analysis strategies ofexperts and novices are formalized in terms of the experts' use of&quot;templates&quot; of typical company behaviors. This provides thebasis for building mechanisms to instruct and re-orient case analystsusing the Living Case system. The Living Case system is described alongwith some of the insights gained during its construction. Futureresearch directions and instructional uses of the system are also discussed. Thu, 29 Aug 1991 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14236 Title: THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTERACTION MODEL: A CORE MODEL FOR THE MBACORE COURSE<br/><br/>Silver, Mark S.; Markus, M. Lynne; Beath, Cynthia Mathis<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper presents a teaching model we have used successfully in theMBA core course in Information Systems at several universities. Themodel is referred to as the &quot;Information Technology InteractionModel&quot; because it maintains that the consequences of informationsystems in organizations follow largely from the interaction of thetechnology with the organization and its environment. The model serves anumber of pedagogical purposes: to integrate the various coursecomponents, to provide a formal foundation for the course content, tofoster practical analytical skills, and to provide a framework for casediscussions and student projects. Moreover, the model is intended toacquaint students with the dynamics of information systems inorganizations and to help them recognize the benefits, dangers, andlimitations of these systems. The paper includes a discussion andexamples of how the model can be used for proactive and reactiveanalyses, and it concludes with an assessment of the model'seffectiveness in the core course. Fri, 29 Oct 1993 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14460 Title: THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROFESSION: MYTH OR REALITY?<br/><br/>Orlikowski, Wanda J.; Baroudi, Jack J.<br/><br/>Abstract: Much of the prior research into information systems (IS) workers hasassumed that they are professionals. In this paper we examine thecharacteristics of IS workers, IS work and the IS workplace, and suggestthat this perspective is mistaken. Drawing on the sociological theory ofprofessions as a reference discipline we contend that IS professionalismis an inappropriate categorization, and that such a portrayal limits ourunderstanding of IS workers and their work. We argue in this paper thata more faithful and potentially useful characterization is to view ISworkers as members of an occupational group. Within this perspective, anunderstanding of the occupational culture, context and history of ISworkers is essential to an understanding of the IS occupation. Weexamine and challenge some common myths regarding IS work, technologyand the IS workplace. We conclude by making some recommendations forfuture research are provided, which should enhance our understanding ofIS workers as members of an occupation. Tue, 29 Mar 1988 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14296 Title: The Incentive for Non-Price Discrimination by an Input Monopolist<br/><br/>Economides, Nicholas<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper considers the incentive for non-price discrimination of amonopolist in an input market who also sells in an oligopoly downstreammarket through a subsidiary. Such a monopolist can raise the costs ofthe rivals to its subsidiary though discriminatory quality degradation.I find that the monopolist always, even when it is cost-disadvantaged,has the incentive to raise the costs of the rivals to its subsidiary ina discriminatory fashion, but does not have the incentive to raise coststo the whole downstream industry including its subsidiary. Moreover,increasing rivals&acirc; costs nullifies the effects of traditionalimputation floors, and prompts the creation of imputation floors thataccount for the artificial costs imposed on downstream rivals. Theresults of this paper raise concerns about the potentiallyanti-competitive effects of entry of local exchange carriers in longdistance service. The results may also suggest the imposition of certainunbundling and technical specification disclosure requirements tomonopolists in high technology industries. Mon, 29 Dec 1997 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14570 Title: THE IMPACT OF ROLE VARIABLES ON INFORMATION SYSTEM PERSONNEL OUTCOMES:AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION<br/><br/>Baroudi, Jack J.<br/><br/>Abstract: This study examines the antecedents of job satisfaction, commitment andturnover intentions for 229 information systems development personnel(ISDP) employed by nine companies within several industries. Theantecedents studied include boundary spanning, role ambiguity and roleconflict. A model of these variables is built and tested via pathanalysis. A secondary analysis is performed to explore the impacts oftask differences on the study variables. The task differences includeanalytic and programming tasks. The analyses revealed the following.Systems analysts span more boundaries than programmers. The major hazardfaced by systems analysts when they span boundaries is role conflictwhich negatively impacts their job satisfaction, commitment andintention to quit. The overall effect of boundary spanning is to reduceISDP intention to quit despite its positive relationship with roleconflict. Systems analysts and programmers are both intolerant of roleambiguity. Role ambiguity is very detrimental greatly reducing ISDP jobsatisfaction, commitment and increasing ISDP intention to quit. Roleambiguity is not related to boundary spanning nor is it related toanalytic or programming duties. Programmers are less committed thansystems analysts and are more likely to express intentions to leave. Theabove information is used to make recommendations to IS management.Finally, recommendations and directions are suggested regarding future research. Wed, 29 Aug 1984 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14626 Title: THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ON MIS DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION<br/><br/>Ginzberg, Michael J.<br/><br/>Abstract: The appropriate design for an information system depends not only on thecharacteristics of the system users, but also on certain characteristicsof the organization, e.g., technology, structure, and environment.Implementation is likely to be most successful when there is a&acirc;€œfit&acirc;€ between the system and the organization. Thispaper describes an emerging theory of how organizational characteristicsdetermine information system requirements. Mon, 29 Oct 1979 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14762 Title: The Impact of Office Automation on the Organization: Some Implicationsfor Research and Practice<br/><br/>Olson, Margrethe H.; Lucas, Henry C., Jr.<br/><br/>Abstract: Computer technology has recently been applied to the automation ofoffice tasks and procedures. Much of the technology is aimed not atimproving the efficiency of current office procedures, but at alteringthe nature of office work altogether. The development of automatedoffice systems raises a number of issues for the organization. How willthis technology be received by organization members? How will it affectthe definition of traditional office work? What will be its impact onindividuals, work groups, and the structure of the organization? Thispaper presents a descriptive model and propositions concerning thepotential impacts of office automation on the organization and itstresses the need, when implementing automated office systems, to take abroad perspective of their potential positive and negative effects onthe organization. The need for further research examining the potentialeffects of office automation is emphasized. Mon, 29 Oct 1979 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14249 Title: THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL DATA NETWORKS ON FIRM PERFORMANCE AND MARKET STRUCTURE<br/><br/>Streeter, Lynn A.; Kraut, Robert E.; Lucas, Henry C. , Jr.; Caby, Laurence<br/><br/>Abstract: An open data network is one that allows firms to exchange informationwith outside entities, and a national data network is one that providesvirtually universal access, interconnecting most businesses and privatecitizens in a country. Establishing a national data network is verycostly and must be justified by its economic, service, and societalimpact. France with its Teletel system is close to having a nationaldata network, whereas the United States is not. Using data from 619businesses in France and the United States we examine several claims: 1)open networks have improve firms' productivity, efficiency, and qualityof service; 2) national open networks allow relationships among firms tobe based on an electronic marketplace; and 3) national open networksdifferentially benefit small and medium sized firms. The results showthat firms using open networks are more efficient and profitable andhave more stable relationships with their customers. The naturaladvantage that large firms have to exploit new technology has beenmoderated in France, since small and medium-sized firms who used thenational network have gained the same advantages as large firms.However, even in France, the use of open networks by the generalpopulation of firms is still relatively low, thus arguing for a longdiffusion constant for the beneficial effects of open networks. Thu, 29 Oct 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14149 Title: The Impact of Intelligent Agents on Electronic Markets: Customization,Preference Revelation and Pricing.<br/><br/>Aron, Ravi; Sundararajan, Arun; Viswanathan, Sivakumar<br/><br/>Abstract: Apart from reducing buyer search costs, web-based commerce has alsoenabled the use of intelligent agent technologies that reduce sellersearch costs by targeting buyers, customizing, and pricing products inreal-time. Our model of an electronic market with customizable productsanalyzes the pricing, profitability and welfare implications of theseagent-based technologies that price dynamically, based on productpreference and demographic information revealed by consumers. We findthat in making the trade-off between better prices and bettercustomization, consumers invariably choose less-than-ideal products.Furthermore, this trade-off impacts buyers on the higher end of themarket more, and causes a transfer of consumer surplus towards buyerswith a lower willingness to pay. As buyers adjust their product choicesin response to better demand agent technologies, sellers may experiencereduced revenues, since the gains from better buyer information arecountered by the lowering of the total value created from thetransactions. We study the strategic and welfare implications of thesefindings, and discuss managerial and technology development guidelines. Sun, 27 Feb 2000 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14341 Title: THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON ORGANIZATIONAL FLEXIBILITY<br/><br/>Lucas, Henry C., Jr.; Olson, Margrethe<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper argues that information technology can have a significantimpact on organizational flexibility. Information technology (IT)contributes to flexibility by 1) changing the nature of organizationboundaries and the time at which work takes place and 2) altering thenature and pace of work. IT also has important second and third orderimpacts on organizations and industries. The paper presents examples toillustrate the impact of information technology on two industries andthree companies. The paper concludes that management should consider theuse of information technology to increase flexibility and should predictthe higher order impact of their actions on the organization and their industry. Sun, 29 Mar 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14316 Title: THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON ORGANIZATIONAL FLEXIBILITY<br/><br/>Lucas, Henry C., Jr.; Olson, Margrethe<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper argues that information technology can have a significantimpact on organizational flexibility. Information technology (IT)contributes to flexibility by 1) changing the nature of organizationboundaries and the time when work occurs 2) altering the nature and paceof work and 3) helping firms respond to changing market conditions. But,there are also aspects of technology which can decrease flexibility, andthere may be second-order impacts of flexibility that are not easilypredicted. Examples to illustrate the impact of information technologyon two industries and three companies are presented. The paper concludesthat management should consider the use of information technology toincrease flexibility and suggests strategies for implementing flexible systems. Fri, 29 Oct 1993 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14330 Title: THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON ORGANIZATIONAL FLEXIBILITY<br/><br/>Lucas, Henry C., Jr.; Olson, Margrethe<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper argues that information technology can have a significantimpact on organizational flexibility. Information technology (IT)contributes to flexibility by 1) changing the nature of organizationboundaries and the time at which work takes place and 2) altering thenature and pace of work. IT also has important second and third orderimpacts on organizations and industries. The paper presents examples toillustrate the impact of information technology on two industries andthree companies. The paper concludes that management should consider theuse of information technology to increase flexibility and should predictthe higher order impact of their actions on the organization and their industry. Sun, 29 Mar 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14525 Title: THE HISTORICAL RELATIONAL DATA MODEL (HRDM) AND ALGEBRA BASED ON LIFESPANS<br/><br/>Clifford, James; Croker, Albert<br/><br/>Abstract: Critical to the design of an historical database model is therepresentation of the &acirc;€œexistence&acirc;€ of objects across thetemporal dimension -- for example, the &quot;birth,&quot;&quot;death,&quot; or &quot;rebirth&quot; of an individual, or theestablishment or dis-establishment of a relationship. The notion of the&quot;lifespan&quot; of a database object is proposed as a simpleframework for expressing these concepts. An object's lifespan is simplythose periods of time during which the database models the properties ofthat object. In this paper we propose the historical relational datamodel (HRDM) and algebra that is based upon lifespans and that views thevalues of all attributes as functions from time points to simpledomains. The model that we obtain is a consistent extension of therelational data model, and provides a simple mechanism for providingboth time-varying data and time-varying schemes. Thu, 29 May 1986 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14304 Title: The Extended RMM Methodology for Web Publishing<br/><br/>lsakowitz, Tomas; Kamis, Arnold; Koufaris, Marios<br/><br/>Abstract: The Relationship Management Methodology (RMM) for hypermedia design wasoriginally introduced in 1995, and has since evolved in a number of waysin response to the rapid growth in demand for hypermedia applications onthe World Wide Web. The revamped methodology is demonstrated in thedesign of rich web applications. Design and implementation issues arediscussed, including database integration, and top-down versus bottom upapproaches to Web Information System (WIS) application development. Thegraphical and programming language notations for RMM's new constructsare presented. RMM promotes sound design and maintainable development of hypermedia. Tue, 28 Apr 1998 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14121 Title: The Emergence of Boundary Spanning Competence in Practice: Implicationsfor Information Systems' Implementation Use<br/><br/>Levina, Natalia; Vaaste, Emmanuelle<br/><br/>Abstract: Knowledge Management (KM) literature has centrally focused onorganization's ability to build practices that integrate diverseexpertise across professional, organizational, industry and otherboundaries. In this paper we investigate how an organizationalcompetence in boundary spanning emerges in practice. We draw on theconcepts of boundary spanner and boundary object and on thepractice-based view of KM in organizations to understand the emergenceof boundary spanning in practice, which we define as relating practicesfrom diverse fields. We contrast data from two qualitative, longitudinalfield studies to draw our conclusions. We argue that for boundaryspanning to emerge in practice a new joint field, which unites agent ina common pursuit, needs to be produced. Engagement of agents in thispractice partially transforms their practices in local fields so as toaccommodate the interests of their counterparts. Those agents who engagein negotiating the nature of this new field become boundaryspanners-in-practice. Through their engagements in the new joint fieldand diverse local practices boundary spanners-in-practice produce anduse objects which become locally useful and acquire a joint identitythrough their use &acirc; boundary objects-in-use. Through dataanalysis we find, first, that nominated boundary spanners and designatedboundary objects do not always become boundary spanners-in-practice andboundary objects-in-use. Second, we outline the conditions necessary forboundary spanners-in-practice to emerge, including the need for them tobecome legitimate, albeit peripheral, participants in the practices ofthe fields that they span. Thirdly, we show how boundaryspanners-in-practice use their symbolic, cultural, social, and economicresources (capital) to build the new joint field. Finally, we examinethe tensions involved in a) the nomination of agents as boundaryspanners and artifacts as boundary objects; b) the growth of the newjoint field; c) agents&acirc; choice in investing in the new jointfield; and d) spanning one at the expense of another kind of boundary.We conclude by drawing implications for IS implementation and use. Wed, 29 Oct 2003 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14189 Title: The Embeddedness of Technological Systems<br/><br/>Garud, Raghu; Jain, Sanjay<br/><br/>Abstract: Technological systems are shaped both by forces arising from thetechnical environment of product markets and those arising from theinstitutional environment of compatibility standards. We explore how itmight be possible for standards to simultaneously enable activities inthe technical environment and not constrain them. Such a scenario ispossible when the technical environment is not completely embedded inthe standards that shape them. We characterize such technologicalsystems as being &quot;just&quot; embedded. Fri, 28 Nov 1997 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14401 Title: THE EFFECTS OF ERROR NOTIFICATION TIMING ON ERROR CORRETION IN ROUTINEDATA ENTRY<br/><br/>Marr, Kenneth; Floyd, Barry<br/><br/>Abstract: Experienced data entry operators participated in an experiment toevaluate the effects of the error notification timing on errorcorrection performance irt the data entry task. Three timing strategieswere studied: immediate error notification, notification at the end of afield, and notification at the end of a physical line. Based on a modelof data entry and a model of the correction process hypotheses weredeveloped to predict operator performance. It was conjectured thatoperators treat individual fields as separate units tasks and thatinterrupting within a task would be more disruptive than interruptingbetween tasks. The results of the study indicated that the error ratesduring correction were smaller for the end of line treatment althoughthe time to complete the correction was longer for this treatment thanthe other two. Performance was essentially the same for those operatorsinterrupted who were interrupted immediately and those who wereinterrupted at the end of a field. Fri, 29 Dec 1989 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14100 Title: The Economic Incentives for Sharing Security Information<br/><br/>Gal-Or, Esther; Ghose, Anindya<br/><br/>Abstract: Given that Information Technology (IT) security has emerged as animportant issue in the last few years, the subject of securityinformation sharing among firms, as a tool to minimize securitybreaches, has gained the interest of practitioners and academics. Topromote the disclosure and sharing of cyber-security information amongfirms, the US federal government has encouraged the establishment ofmany industry based Information Sharing &amp; Analysis Centers (ISACs)under Presidential Decision Directive 63. Sharing securityvulnerabilities and technological solutions related to methods forpreventing, detecting and correcting security breaches, is thefundamental goal of the ISACs. However, there are a number ofinteresting economic issues that will affect the achievement of thisgoal. Using game theory, we develop an analytical framework toinvestigate the competitive implications of sharing security informationand investments in security technologies. We find that securitytechnology investments and security information sharing act as&Atilde;ƒ&Acirc;&cent;&Atilde;‚&Acirc;€&Atilde;‚&Acirc;œstrategiccomplements&Atilde;ƒ&Acirc;&cent;&Atilde;‚&Acirc;€&Atilde;‚&Acirc; inequilibrium. Our results suggest that information sharing is morevaluable when product substitutability is higher, implying that suchsharing alliances yield greater benefits in more competitive industries.We also highlight that the benefits from such information sharingalliances increase with the size of the firm. We compare the levels ofinformation sharing and technology investments obtained when firmsbehave independently (Bertrand-Nash) to those selected by an ISAC whichmaximizes social welfare or joint industry profits. Our results help uspredict the consequences of establishing organizations such as ISACs,CERT or InfraGard by the federal government. Thu, 26 Aug 2004 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14302 Title: The E-Butler Service, or Has the Age of Electronic Personal DecisionMaking Assistants Arrived?<br/><br/>Tuzhilin, Alex<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper describes an Electronic Butler (or e-Butler) that provides acustomer-centric personalized shopping services to its subscribersacross a wide range of products. This service is provided by identifyingindividual customer's shopping needs from the comprehensive purchasinghistory of that person and providing purchasing recommendations ordirect purchasing decisions for the customer. e- Butler service consistsof two components -- the Personal Shopping Assistant (PSA) service thatprovides purchasing recommendations to the customer and the Magic Wand(MW) service that directly makes purchases it believes the customerneeds without any prior consultations with the customer. In order tounderstand how PSA and MW services of e-Butler are related to theexisting one-to-one marketing and recommender systems, a generalframework classifying various personalized shopping services ispresented that clearly delineates PSA and MW services from theseexisting systems. Moreover, the paper presents an architecture of thee-Butler service, explains what its business value is, discusses itsfeasibility, and describes what needs to be done to make it a successful service. Tue, 28 Apr 1998 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14757 Title: The Dimensions of Reputation in Electronic Markets<br/><br/>Ghose, Anindya; Ipeirotis, Panagiotis G.; Sundararajan, Arun<br/><br/>Abstract: We present a framework for identifying the different dimensions ofonline reputation and characterizing their influence on the pricingpower of sellers. Our theory predicts that sellers with better recordedonline reputation can successfully charge higher prices than competingsellers of identical products, and that their pricing power increaseswith their recorded level of experience. We develop and implement a newtext mining technique that identities and quantitatively assessesdimensions of importance in reputation profiles, and use this techniqueto create a new data set containing detailed reputation profiles andprices for sellers in over 9,500 transactions for consumer software onAmazon.com's online secondary marketplace. The estimation of a set ofeconometric models on this data set validates the predictions of ourtheory, and further, ranks these dimensions of reputation based on theireffect on measured seller value, identifying those that have the mostsignificant impact on reputation. This paper is the first study thatintegrates econometric and text mining techniques toward a more completeanalysis of the information captured by reputation systems, and itpresents new evidence of the importance of their effective and judicious design. Sat, 29 Oct 2005 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14550 Title: THE DIFFICULTY OF PROJECTING IMPACTS FROM TRAJECTORIES OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES<br/><br/>Turner, Jon A. Sat, 28 Sep 1985 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14442 Title: THE DESIGN OF KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING ILL-STRUCTUREDSOFTWARE PROJECTS<br/><br/>Srikanth, Rajan; Jarke, Matthias<br/><br/>Abstract: Current planning and control procedures for large-scale softwareprojects are not sufficiently equipped to deal with changing orimprecise requirements, resource breakdowns, unexpected delays, etc. Wepropose a solution for managing change in projects, based on a semanticmodel of the software design and development processes. At the heart ofthis technique is the formation of islands of project knowledge in a waythat facilitates dealing with most design and plan revisions locally. Aprotocol for interactive change management is presented that advocatesneed-based formation of coalitions between islands as a means forgraceful degradation in the place of strict hierarchical control. Theresults of initial empirical investigations of the usability of theapproach and plans for its continuing evaluation are also reported. Wed, 28 Jun 1989 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14488 Title: THE DECLINING PRICE PARADOX OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES<br/><br/>Eden, Yoram; Ronen, Boaz<br/><br/>Abstract: The declining prices of new technology products often results in atendency for many decision makers to wait for lower prices, and topostpone a capital investment. This paper makes a distinction betweenthe prices of technology elements and the prices of components andsystems. There are many cases where the price reduction over timeapplies only to some elements of the system, while the total price ofthe improved system remains almost the same. For those cases, aDECLINING PRICE PARADOX is spelled out. The Paradox suggests that themore the price of the investment is subject to future reduction, themore urgent it is to invest in this technology. The paper incorporateslearning considerations in the investment decision making, and statesthe conditions where the paradox applies. Tue, 28 Apr 1987 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14438 Title: THE DECLINING PRICE OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS THE QUESTION OF WHEN TO INVEST<br/><br/>Ronen, Boaz; Lucas, Henry C., Jr.; Eden, Yoram<br/><br/>Abstract: When should a manager invest in new technology? This paper providesguidelines for deciding when to invest in microcomputers. The authorsargue that the technology and marketplace of micros today fits theconditions of the declining cost paradox observed by Eden and Ronen(1988). Under these conditions, a decision to defer purchasing equipmentuntil the future to take advantage of hardware price decreases may leadto higher overall costs. The paper concludes with recommendations forthe manager confronted with the decision of when to purchasemicrocomputer technology. Wed, 29 Mar 1989 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14519 Title: THE CONSTRAINTS AND ASSUMPTIONS INTERPRETATION OF SYSTEMS DESIGN: ADESCRIPTIVE PROCESS MODEL<br/><br/>Sasso, William C.; McVay, Monte<br/><br/>Abstract: The largescale ineffectiveness of current systems developmentmethodologies may be attributed to the inaccuracy or inadequacy of theirunderlying assumptions concerning the systems development process. Inthis paper, we propose a descriptive, alternative model of theInformation Systems (IS) design process. This model emphasizes theimportance of constraints in defining the feasible design space, and ofassumptions as a vehicle for discovering constraints. Moreover, ratherthan assuming that design activities occur in a logical and prescribedsequence, as the current dominant model, the Systems Development LifeCycle (SDLC) does, the Constraints/Assumptions (C/A) Model focuses onthe interdependent nature of design activities. The importance ofdeveloping and validating alternative models of the system designprocess is evident from three sources. First, there is the paucity ofempirical research on systems design, which we attribute to a scarcityof theory to guide such research. Second, educators evince serious doubtas to our ability to educate students in this process. Third, thewidespread inability of professional systems designers to developsystems on schedule, within budget, and providing the full set ofspecified functions is disconcerting, if not appalling. Previousresearch suggests that superior designs are produced when both clientsand designers regard the IS design process as a learning experience, andwork to educate each other. The Constraints/Assurnptions Model furtherelaborates this mutual learning thesis, by differentiating what clientslearn from designers and what designers learn from clients. The C/AModel asserts that, at any stage in the design process, two dialoguesoccur simultaneously. The client/designer dialogue elaborates the designspace, i.e., a set of constraints on the design process specifyingrequired performance and function, the organizational and politicalclimate, the resources available for developing and operating thesystem, etc. The designer/team dialogue, on the other hand, focuses onthe generation of a working solution to the design problem, itsvalidation with respect to technical feasibility and its congruence withthe acceptable design space, and its elaboration into an implementabledesign. Both the design space and the working design are inputs to eachdialogue, and their interdependence results from each dialogue's abilityto modify only its own product. Sun, 28 Sep 1986 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14440 Title: THE BUSINESS VALUE EFFECTS OF COGNITIVE BIASES IN TRADING WORKSTATIONWINDOW DESIGN<br/><br/>Kauffman, Robert J.; Diamond, Lester<br/><br/>Abstract: Recent research on information technology (IT) value has focused onexamining new theoretical bases from which to construct robust valuationmethods and models. This paper considers two literatures whichpreviously have not been explored in this context: research onbehavioral decision making and information presentation effects. Webegin by identifying a typology of potential cognitive biases andheuristics which may enhance or suppress IT value when workstations areused to provide decision support. To illustrate, we examine how theseeffects may become operative in screen-based securities and foreignexchange trading activities, where designers can choose amonginformation presentation formats which support trader decision making.We adapt a recent model by Kroeck, Kirs and Fiedler (1989) to identifywhere and how information effects, heuristics and biases come into playin the trading environment. Our investigation concludes that managerialrecognition of the potential value tradeoffs associated with alternativetrading workstation window designs is an important concern forfine-tuning trading decision support systems. In this way, the&quot;business value linkage&quot; between trading workstationinvestments and the returns they provide can be more fully understood. Wed, 28 Jun 1989 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14413 Title: THE BUSINESS CASE FOR AUTOMATING SOFTWARE METRICS IN OBJECT-ORIENTEDCOMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTS<br/><br/>Banker, Rajiv D.; Kauffman, Robert J.<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper makes the business case for automating the collection ofsoftware metrics for gauging development performance in integratedcomputer aided software engineering (CASE) environments that arecharacterized by an object-oriented development methodology and acentralized repository. The automation of function point analysis isdiscussed in the context of such an integrated CASE environment (ICE).We also discuss new metrics that describe three different dimensions ofcode reuse -- leverage, value and classification -- and examine thep,ossibility of utilizing objects as means to estimate softwaredevelopment labor and measure productivity. We argue that the automatedcollection of these software metrics opens up new avenues for refiningthe management of software development projects and controllingstra-egic costs. Tue, 29 May 1990 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14434 Title: THE BOUNDING EFFECT OF IS DESIGN TOOLS: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF CASE TECHNOLOGY<br/><br/>Ariav, Gad; Orlikowski, Wanda<br/><br/>Abstract: Methodologies for information systems development bound the vocabularyof design (what are the &quot;things that matter?), as well as controlthe design discourse (how should we go about discussing them?). ComputerAided System Engineering tools - collectively referred to as &quot;CASEtechnology&quot; --further bound the analysis and design process bothsemantically (e.g., the range of available methodologies) andsyntactically (e.g., implementation details). In this paper we explorethe effects of bounding in CASE technology. We first delineate theconcept of bounding in general terms, and then develop a moreoperational notion of it through the qualitative examination of anactual use of a CASE tool. This examination results in a preliminarylist of concrete dimensions of the bounding phenomenon, which is in turnused to guide a critical survey of related features in current CASEtechnology, Implications for practice, education and research are discussed. Sun, 26 Feb 1989 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14262 Title: THE ADOPTION OF INTERORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORK EXTERNALITIES:AN ANALYTICAL AND EMPIRICAL STUDY<br/><br/>Kauffman, Robert J.; McAndrews, James; Wang, Yu-Ming<br/><br/>Abstract: Recent work in the information systems literature has argued thatnetwork externalities, the value of a network created as a by-product ofan existing installed base, are a determinant of interorganizationalsystems (IOSs) adoption. However, almost no empirical studies havereported the impact of network externalities on the adoption of IOSs. Asa result, little is known about the extent to which networkexternalities may influence the adoption and diffusion of IOSs. Usingelectronic banking as a context, an analytical framework is developed tomodel the business value of a shared network to a bank that isconsidering whether to become involved. We show that networkexternalities, proxied by expected shared network size, as well as thesize of banking firms, are major elements of the perceived value of thenetwork. To empirically assess the impact of these elements on thetiming of network adoption and validate our analytical model, weestimate a hazard model (also known as duration or failure time model)using the adoption data for Yankee 24, the largest shared electronicbanking network in New England. The hazard model approach thatexplicitly incorporates covariates in the specification of time to adoptis employed to accommodate right-censoring of our observations ofadoption times. We find that banks in markets that can generate a largereffective network size and have more depositors served per branch tendto adopt early, while the size of a bank's own branch network decreasesthe probability of early adoption. Sun, 29 Aug 1993 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14396 Title: TEXT EDITING AND BEYOND: A STUDY IN LOGIC MODELING<br/><br/>Bieber, Michael; Isakowitz, Tomas<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper presents a logic modeling exercise in which we develop testand implement a logic model for a test editor and use it to testexisting test editing software. We begin by presenting a first orderHorn logic axiomatization of a text editor by providing domain equationsfor the primitive operations insert, delete and character retrieval. Weshow that this logic model captures the essential aspects of the textediting task and how more complex features are built using theseprimitives. We discuss possible implementations and conclude that anyoperational semantics - the set of algorithms that perform the task -must be strongly related to the logic model we present. In other words,each operational semantics constitutes a model of the logic theory Next,we illustrate the usefulness of the model by implementing a basic textediting system and testing the correctness of an existing text editor.We conclude by describing how we are integrating these modelingtechniques into a larger and more complex knowledge-based system. Thu, 28 Nov 1991 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14502 Title: TESTING AN INTEGRATED IMPLEMENTATION MODEL WITH DATA FROM A GENERALIZED DSS<br/><br/>Ginzberg, Michael J.; Lucas, Henry C., Jr.; Schultz, Randall L.<br/><br/>Abstract: A model proposed by Schultz, Ginzberg &amp; Lucas (1984) that integratesthe factor and process approaches to implementation was field testedwith data from a generalized decision support system. Significantassociations were found between manager acceptance and user perceptionsof support, user personal stake and system use. The results suggest thatvoluntary and non-voluntary use of a system have different precursorsand may be encouraged in different ways. Although the overall modelreceives only partial support, the results of the study suggestapproaches for further testing of network models of implementation. Wed, 26 Feb 1986 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14400 Title: TEMPORALLY ACTIVE DATABASES := ACTIVE DATABASES + TIME<br/><br/>Tuzhilin, Alex<br/><br/>Abstract: A method of adding time to active databases is described in this paper.This is achieved by incorporating operators of temporal logic, temporalactions, and different temporal clauses into the Event-Condition-Actionmodel of a rule. In addition, a temporal recognize-act cycle isdescribed and new temporal conflict resolution strategies are proposed.A conflict avoidance strategy for temporal rules is also described. Thu, 28 Nov 1991 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14421 Title: TEMPORAL LOGIC AS A SIMULATION LANGUAGE<br/><br/>Tuzhilin, Alexander<br/><br/>Abstract: We advocate the use of temporal logic instead of the first-order logicin rules of knowledge-based simulation systems. We argue that thisprovides several advantages that will be discussed in the paper. We showhow temporal logic is used in simulation by considering language PTLbased on temporal logic programming. Fri, 28 Sep 1990 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14385 Title: TEMPLAR: A KNOWLEDGE-BASED LANGUAGE FOR SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS USINGTEMPORAL LOGIC<br/><br/>Tuzhilin, Alex<br/><br/>Abstract: A software specification language Templar is defined. The language isbased on temporal logic and on the Activity-Event-Condition-Activitymodel of a rule which is an extension of the Event-Condition-Activitymodel in active databases. The language supports a rich set of modelingprimitives, including rules, procedures, temporal logic operators,events, activities, hierarchical decomposition of activities, andparallelism, combined together in a coherent system. The development ofthe language was guided by the following objectives: specificationswritten in Templar should be easy for the non-computer oriented users tounderstand, should have formal syntax and semantics, and it should beeasy to map them into a broad range of design specifications. Sat, 28 Sep 1991 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14765 Title: Templar: A Knowledge-Based Language for Software Specifications UsingTemporal Logic<br/><br/>Tuzhilin, Alexander<br/><br/>Abstract: A software specification language Templar is defined in this article.The development of the language was guided by the following objectives:requirements specifications written in Templar should have a clearsyntax and formal semantics, should be easy for a systems analyst todevelop and for an end-user to understand, and it should be easy to mapthem into a broad range of design specifications. Templar is based ontemporal logic and on the Activity-Event-Condition- Activity model of arule which is an extension of the Event-Condition-Activity model inactive databases. The language supports a rich set of modelingprimitives, including rules, procedures, temporal logic operators,events, activities, hierarchical decomposition of activities,parallelism, and decisions combined together into a cohesive system. Thu, 29 Oct 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14582 Title: TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE CHANGING DEFINITION OF THE WORKPLACE<br/><br/>Olson, Margrethe H.; Tasley, Roberta Tue, 29 Mar 1983 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14629 Title: Technology Acceptance and Performance: A Field Study of Broker Workstations<br/><br/>Lucas, Henry C., Jr.; Spitler, Valerie<br/><br/>Abstract: We develop a model to predict 1) the use of a multifunctional, brokerworkstation with a windowed interface and 2) the relationship betweenworkstation use and performance. Brokers and sales assistants in theprivate client group of a major investment bank use this workstation asan integral part of their jobs. Our model explains some of the variancein their usage, intended usage and performance, but the variables thatare most salient in the model differ between brokers and salesassistants. There is evidence that low performing brokers use theworkstation more than higher performing brokers; the results alsosuggest that a different type of training may be needed forsophisticated workstations for professionals than for clerical personnellearning to use transactions processing systems. We believe it isimportant to understand the acceptance of technology and therelationship between system use and performance if firms are to obtain areturn from investing in information technology. Thu, 29 May 1997 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14190 Title: Technological and Organizational Designs for Realizing Economies of Substitution<br/><br/>Garud, Raghu; Kumaraswamy, Arun<br/><br/>Abstract: Today's industrial landscape is characterized by rapid change andsystemic technologies. Rapid change results in ever shorter product lifecycles that demand continual innovation from firms. The systemic natureof technologies makes it difficult, if not impossible, for any one firmto manufacture all components of a technological system. We propose thatthese challenges be met by designing technological systems that have thepotential to yield economies of substitution. Additionally, we proposethat these economies be realized by adopting the network mode ofgovernance. We examine the network mode at three levels-intrafirm,interfirm, and institutional-to illuminate the inherent tension betweencooperation and competition at each level, and to explore theimplications of this tension for industrial dynamics. Fri, 28 Nov 1997 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14244 Title: TECHNIQUES FOR THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS<br/><br/>Berndt, Donald J.<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper presents an analytic framework for comparing data flowdiagrams based on five dimensions: control points, process automation,data aggregation, resource usage, and raw counts. Our goal was todevelop some simple quantitative metrics that are appropriate forcomputer-aided system development tools. In addition, we argue forcomputer-aided tools that support the tandem development of alternativesystem diagrams. Simultaneous development of competing systemdescriptions may allow for more accurate contrasts and insightfulanalysis. Finally, we use two case studies to illustrate the comparison techniques. Tue, 23 Feb 1993 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14198 Title: Systematic Hypermedia Design<br/><br/>Balasubramanian, V.; Bieber, Michael; lsakowitz, Tomas<br/><br/>Abstract: Hypermedia structuring and navigation requires design methodologiesdifferent from those developed for standard information systems. Thisarticle details our successful application of Relationship ManagementMethodology (RMM), a hypermedia systems analysis and design methodology,to ACM SIGLINK's LINKBase. LlNKBase is a World-Wide Web (WWW)application, which dynamically generates WWW pages from a relationaldatabase containing information about hypertext-related events such asconferences, publications, authors, and sponsoring organizations. Wedescribe our experience applying RMM in this case study, summarizedesign lessons we learned in the process, present extensions to RMM, andground our work in the hypermedia design literature. Our experiencesshould encourage hypermedia and WWW developers to utilize systematicdesign techniques. Thu, 09 May 1996 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14592 Title: SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME, OPERATOR PRODUCTIVITY AND JOB SATISFACTION<br/><br/>Barber, Raymond E.; Lucas, Henry C., Jr.<br/><br/>Abstract: This study examines the impact of on-line system response time on CRToperator productivity and job satisfaction. It was predicted thatincrease in response time would affect total transaction volume andtotal errors adversely, that is, total transaction volume would decreasewith longer response times and total errors would increase. Totalproductive transactions, the difference between total transactions andtotal errors, was expected to decrease as response time increased.Operator job satisfaction was also expected to decrease. The studyconfirmed the prediction with regard to total transactions andproductive transactions: both decreased as response time increased.Total errors actually decreased as response time increased, up to timesof 12 seconds. When response time exceeded 12 seconds, errorsincreased. The impact of response time on productivity suggests nearlyall transactions should be completed in 12 seconds or less. Beyond thislevel, the organization in the study suffered severe penalties in lostproductivity. A relationship was also found between increased responsetimes and reduced job satisfaction. Wed, 29 Dec 1982 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14312 Title: SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF SECURITIES TRADE SETTLEMENT MESSAGES APPLYINGTHE PRINCIPLES OF FORMAL LANGUAGES FOR BUSINESS COMMUNICATION<br/><br/>Ginsburg, Mark; Kimbrough, Steven O.; Weber, Bruce<br/><br/>Abstract: The increased use of network communications within industries, and amongfirms, suppliers, and customers, is focusing greater attention on themethods and standards for interorganizational communications. In thesecurities indushy, the settlement and clearing of trades depends onnumerous messages to be sent and received by several organizations.Using the principles of Formal Languages for Business Communication(FLBC), we develop a message representation that is flexible andself-describing, and show how defeasible reasoning applied to settlementmessages could handle problem trades. This application of FLBC offersadvantages through machine-to-machine error reconcilement, integrationwith other market communications systems, and robustness to changes insecurities design and regulation. Thu, 29 Oct 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14314 Title: SUPPORTING SEARCH FOR REUSABLE SOFTWARE OBJECTS<br/><br/>Isakowitz, Tomas; Kauffman, Robert J.<br/><br/>Abstract: Software reuse in the presence of a repository and object-based CASEtool is likely to be &quot;biased&quot; Prior research has shown that adeveloper will be: (1) most likely to reuse her own objects; (2)somewhat less likely to reuse objects developed by her project teammembers; and, (3) even less likely to reuse objects stored in therepository, but developed elsewhere in the corporation. These biases canresult in sub-optimal levels of software reuse. In the presence of suchbiases it is appropriate to deploy tools that support the search forsoftware reuse, so that developers find it easier to reuse softwareobjects authored by developers other than themselves or project teammembers. However; the tools that are chosen or created for this purposemust adequately treat the technical and cognitive fundamentals of theproblem for individual developers, and recognize the organizational andeconomic perspectives of a firm that wishes to maximize the businessvalue of its software development activities. In this paper we present atwo-stage descriptive model that represents the search process forreusable software objects. We evaluate appropriate technologies, proposea technical solution to the problem of searching for reusable objects,and demonstrate its feasibility via a prototype implementation. Thetechnical tool combines an automated classifier and a hypertext system.We describe an architecture to automatically create hypertext networksbased on the classification schema. We illustrate our architecture usinga classification of software objects obtained through structuredinterviews with software developers. Thu, 29 Oct 1992 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14404 Title: STUDYING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ORGANIZATIONS: RESEARCH APPROACHESAND ASSUMPTIONS<br/><br/>Orlikowski, Wanda; Baroudi, Jack J.<br/><br/>Abstract: We examined 155 behavioral information systems research articlespublished from 1983-1988 and found that while this research is notrooted in a single overarching theoretical perspective it does exhibit asingle set of philosophical assumptions about the nature of validevidence and the phenomena of interest to information systemsresearchers. We argue in this paper that these philosophical assumptionsdraw on the natural science tradition, and hence may not always beappropriate for inquiry into the relationships between informationtechnology and people or organizations. In particular, we suggest thatthe development and use of information technology within organizationsis inherently processual and contextual, and that these characteristicsare not always adequately captured by the philosophical assumptionsprevalent in information systems research. Positing social process ascentral to information systems phenomena asserts the importance ofstudying the ongoing interactions among people, information technologyand organizations, as these are situated historically and contextually.We argue in this paper that the dominant research perspective ininformation systems research is not well-equipped to deal with situatedinteractions over time, and propose additional research philosophies toaugment the one currently favored by behavioral information systemsresearchers. We outline the features of such additional researchperspectives, the interpretive and the critical, providing empiricalexamples to illustrate how and when they may be useful. We conclude thatmultiple research perspectives can usefully be employed within theinformation systems community to enrich understanding of behavioralinformation systems phenomena. Mon, 29 Jan 1990 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14562 Title: STUDIES IN THE EVALUATION OF A DOMAIN-INDEPENDENT NATURAL LANGUAGE QUERY SYSTEM<br/><br/>Jarke, Matthias; Krause, Jurgen; Vassiliou, Yannis<br/><br/>Abstract: There is growing consensus that some of the most crucial questionsconcerning the feasibility and desirability of natural languageinterfaces to databases can only be resolved by empirical research.This paper reports the results of several empirical studies whichinvestigated the same domain-independent natural language query system,using various applications in two different natural languages - Englishand German. Taken together, these experiments involved about 100subjects and over 12,000 queries, constituting the bulk of empiricalevaluations of natural query language systems reported to date. Somedefinitive results are derived from the combined experience, and plansare outlined to resolve several of the remaining issues. Thu, 29 Mar 1984 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14444 Title: STRUCTURING KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION THROUGH GENERIC TASKS: A CASE STUDY IN HINDSIGHT<br/><br/>Srikanth, Rajan<br/><br/>Abstract: Knowledge Acquisition is widely recognized as the single majorbottleneck in the commercialization of Expert Systems technology. Thetypically ad-hoc choice of techniques for eliciting and representingexpert knowledge, makes Expert Systems development expensive and proneto failure. Arguments have been made in the Knowledge Acquisitionliterature for performing an epistemological or&quot;knowledge-level&quot; analysis to &quot;structure&quot; theknowledge elicitation process. The need of the hour is for an empiricalevaluation of these claims. In this paper, we present the results of astudy that evaluates an approach to Structured Knowledge Acquisition,that is based on analyzing expert behavior using generic problem-solvingtasks. Data from a large Expert Systems project currently nearingcompletion, has been used for the study. Wed, 28 Jun 1989 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14199 Title: Structured Design and Construction of Hypermedia Application<br/><br/>Isakowitz, Tomas<br/><br/>Abstract: This briefing focuses on design and development of WWW systems. I willpresent the principal elements of the Relationship ManagementMethodology which aids in the design and development of WWWapplications. RMM will be introduced via a sample application. I willalso, simultaneously, demonstrate a software tool, RM-CASE, thatprovides computerized support got RMM. Wed, 29 May 1996 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14433 Title: STRUCTURED ANALYSIS REPRESENTATIONS AS PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: ANINTERPRETATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS<br/><br/>Dhar, Vasant; Floyd, Barry D.<br/><br/>Abstract: Much of transaction processing involves classification, that is, thecategorization of inputs into outputs based on various tests. InArtificial Intelligence (Al), classification systems are generallyrepresented in terms of AND/OR graphs. Such graphs are collections ofproduction rules that capture declaratively the logic of an applicationdomain. If one views a transaction processing system as a classificationsystem, it becomes natural to represent it in terms of an AND/OR graph.In this paper, we present an interpretation of dataflow diagrams used inStructured Analysis as AND/OR graphs. By examining the dataflowdiagrams, production rules capturing application-specific knowledge canbe constructed. This interpretation has two implications: 1) productionrules can be used to unify analysis and design since the same datastructure (the rule) is used for both purposes, and 2) the resultingdesign can be simulated for purposes of explanation and what-ifanalysis. We also discuss some of the general pros and cons ofproduction systems as they pertain to systems analysis and design. Sun, 26 Feb 1989 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14102 Title: Strategic Impact of Internet Referral Services on Channel Profits<br/><br/>Ghose, Anindya; Mukhopadhyay, Tridas; Rajan, Uday<br/><br/>Abstract: Internet Referral Services, hosted either by independent third-partyinfomediaries or by manufacturers serve as&Atilde;ƒ&Acirc;&cent;&Atilde;‚&Acirc;€&Atilde;‚&Acirc;œlead-generators&Atilde;ƒ&Acirc;&cent;&Atilde;‚&Acirc;€&Atilde;‚&Acirc;in electronic marketplaces, directing consumer traffic to particularretailers. In a model of price dispersion with mixed strategyequilibria, we investigate the competitive implications of theseinstitutions on retailer and manufacturer pricing strategies as well astheir impact on channel structures and distribution of profits. Offline,retailers face a higher customer acquisition cost. In return, they canengage in price discrimination. Online, they save on the acquisitioncosts, but lose the ability to price discriminate. This criticaltradeoff drivesfirms&Atilde;ƒ&Acirc;&cent;&Atilde;‚&Acirc;€&Atilde;‚&Acirc;™equilibrium strategies. The establishment of a referral service is astrategic decision by the manufacturer, in response to a third-partyinfomediary. It leads to an increase in channel profits and areallocation of the increased surplus to the manufacturer, via thefranchise fees. Further, it enables the manufacturer to respond to aninfomediary, by giving itself a wider leeway to set the unit wholesalefee to the profit maximizing level. We discuss implications of referralservices on channel coordination issues, and whether a two part tariffcan be successfully used to maximize channel profits. Contrary to priorliterature, we find that when retailers can price discriminate amongconsumers, the manufacturer may not set the wholesale price to marginalcost to coordinate the channel. Consistent with anecdotal evidence, ourmodel predicts that while it is optimal for an infomediary to enrollonly one retailer, it is optimal for a manufacturer to enroll bothretailers. Finally, our results show that under some circumstances, themanufacturer even benefits from the presence of the competing referralinfomediary and hence, will not want to eliminate it. Mon, 28 Jun 2004 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14457 Title: STRATEGIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OFATM NETWORKS<br/><br/>Banker, Rajiv D.; Kauffman, Robert J.<br/><br/>Abstract: This paper presents an empirical study of the strategic contributions ofautomated teller machines (ATMs) to improving a bank branch's localdeposit market share at the expense of its competitors. By extendingprevious models of deposit market share in branch banking to incorporateATM technology variables, we develop a tool to provide answers andinsights on key questions involving the evaluation of second orderstrategic impacts of information technology (IT) which have notpreviously been measured in this context. Our results suggest that abank's ATM network membership decision is crucial to its later successin enhancing deposit market share via deployment of ATMs. However, wefound little evidence that branch ATMs provide any competitive leverageto increase a branch's local deposit share. Sat, 27 Feb 1988 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2451/14297 Title: Strategic Commitments and the Principle of Reciprocity InInterconnection Pricing<br/><br/>Economides, Nicholas; Lopomo, Giuseppe; Woroch, Glenn<br/><br/>Abstract: We discuss the effects of strategic commitments and of network size inthe process of setting interconnection fees across competing networks.We also discuss the importance of the principles of reciprocity andimputation of interconnection charges on market equilibria. Reciprocitymeans that both networks charge the same for interconnection. Imputationmeans that a network charges its customers as much as it chargescustomers of the other network for the same service. Assuming that eachconsumer cannot subscribe to more than one network, we begin byanalyzing a game of strategic symmetry where the two networks choose allprices simultaneously. Second, we allow a dominant network to set theinterconnection fee before the opponent network can set its prices. Thisresults in a price-squeeze on the rival network. Third, we show that theimposition of a reciprocity rule eliminates the strategic power of thefirst mover. Under reciprocity, one network sets the commoninterconnection fee at cost, and the equilibrium prices for finalservices are lower than in the two previous games without reciprocity.Moreover, prices under reciprocity obey the principle of imputation. Inthe long run, consumers subscribe to one of the two networks. Typically,there is a multiplicity of equilibria, including corner equilibria,where all consumers subscribe to the same network. However, underreciprocity, there are no corner equilibria. Wed, 29 Oct 1997 22:58:59 GMT